Main Article Content
Preethi Shankar
Undergraduate student, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) Saveetha University Chennai - 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. Reshma Poothakulath Krishnan
Senior Lecturer , Department of Oral Pathology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) , Saveetha University, Chennai - 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr Abirami Arthanari
Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) , Saveetha University, Chennai - 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India
Keywords
Mental foramen, gender determination, mandible, diagnostic tool, orthopantomogram, innovative technology, novel method.
Abstract
Introduction: Panoramic radiography, also called panoramic x-ray, is a two-dimensional dental x-ray examination which enables the capture of the entire mouth in a single image, including the teeth, upper and lower jaws, surrounding structures and tissues. Orthopantomography radiographs are used by oral surgeons to plan treatment for dentures, braces, extractions and implants. The mental foramen is one of two foramina situated on the anterior surface of the mandible. It transmits the terminal branches of the inferior alveolar nerve and vessels. The aim of the study is to evaluate the gender differences from the distances from superior border of mental foramen and inferior border of mental foramen to the lower border of mandible.
Materials And Methods: 20 OPGs were collected and the distance from the superior and inferior border of the foramen to the lower border of mandible was measured and the results were analysed.The graphs were plotted in SPSS.
Results: The values of distance from the superior and inferior border of the mental foramen to the lower border of mandible were found to be higher in males compared to females. On comparing and applying independent t-test for both the genders, the p was found to be 0.543 which is not statistically significant (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Mental foramen values were found to be higher in males than the females. Mental foramen can be used as a diagnostic tool in gender determination. This technique is of high importance during mass disasters for identification of unknown persons.
References
1. Cornette R, Baylac M, Souter T, Herrel A. Does shape co-variation between the skull and the mandible have functional consequences? A 3D
approach for a 3D problem. J Anat. 2013 Oct;223(4):329–36.
2. Messerman T, Reswick JB, Gibbs C. Investigation of functional mandibular movements. Dent Clin North Am. 1969 Jul;13(3):629–42.
3. van Eijden TM. Biomechanics of the Mandible. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2000 Jan 1;11(1):123–36.
4. Gershenson A, Nathan H, Luchansky E. Mental foramen and mental nerve: changes with age. Acta Anat . 1986;126(1):21–8.
5. Ngeow WC, Yuzawati Y. The location of the mental foramen in a selected Malay population. J Oral Sci. 2003 Sep;45(3):171–5.
6. Sairam V, Geethamalika MV, Kumar PB, Naresh G, Raju GP. Determination of sexual dimorphism
in humans by measurements of mandible on digital panoramic radiograph. Contemp Clin Dent. 2016 Oct;7(4):434–9.
7. Habets LL, Bezuur JN, van Ooij CP, Hansson TL. The orthopantomogram, an aid in diagnosis of temporomandibular joint problems. I. The factor of vertical magnification. J Oral Rehabil. 1987 Sep;14(5):475–80.
8. Singh R, Srivastav AK. Study of Position, Shape, Size and Incidence of Mental Foramenand Accessory Mental Foramen in Indian Adult
Human Skulls [Internet]. Vol. 28, International Journal of Morphology. 2010. p. 1141–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-
95022010000400025
9. Aldhuwayhi, Sami, Sreekanth Kumar Mallineni, Srinivasulu Sakhamuri, Amar Ashok Thakare, Sahana Mallineni, Rish*tha Sajja, Mallika Sethi,
Venkatesh Nettam, and Azher Mohiuddin Mohammad. 2021. “Covid-19 Knowledge and Perceptions Among Dental Specialists: A CrossSectional Online Questionnaire Survey.” Risk Management and Healthcare Policy 14 (July): 2851–61.
10. Dua, Kamal, Ridhima Wadhwa, Gautam Singhvi, Vamshikrishna Rapalli, Shakti Dhar Shukla, Madhur D. Shastri, Gaurav Gupta, et al. 2019.
“The Potential of siRNA Based Drug Delivery in Respiratory Disorders: Recent Advances and Progress.” Drug Development Research 80 (6):
714–30.
11. Gan, Hongyun, Yaqing Zhang, Qingyun Zhou, Lierui Zheng, Xiaofeng Xie, Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan, and Surapaneni Krishna Mohan. 2019. “Zingerone Induced Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis in MCF-7 Cells and Prevents 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-Induced Mammary
Carcinogenesis in Experimental Rats.” Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology 33 (10): e22387.
12. Jayaraj, Gifrina, Pratibha Ramani, Herald J. Sherlin, Priya Premkumar, and N. Anuja. 2015. “Inter-Observer Agreement in Grading Oral
Epithelial Dysplasia – A Systematic Review.” Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medicine, and Pathology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoms.2014.01.006.
13. Li, Zhenjiang, Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan, Surapaneni Krishna Mohan, Srinivasa Rao Bolla, Hariprasath Lakshmanan, Subramanian Kumaran, Wilson Aruni, et al. 2020. “Apoptotic Induction and Anti-Metastatic Activity of Eugenol Encapsulated Chitosan Nanopolymer on Rat Glioma C6 Cells via Alleviating the MMP Signaling Pathway.” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111773
14. Markov, Alexander, Lakshmi Thangavelu, Surendar Aravindhan, Angelina Olegovna Zekiy, Mostafa Jarahian, Max Stanley Chartrand,
Yashwant Pathak, Faroogh Marofi, Somayeh Shamlou, and Ali Hassanzadeh. 2021. “Mesenchymal Stem/stromal Cells as a Valuable
Source for the Treatment of Immune-Mediated Disorders.” Stem Cell Research & Therapy 12 (1): 192.
15. Mohan, Meenakshi, and Nithya Jagannathan. 2014. “Oral Field Cancerization: An Update on Current Concepts.” Oncology Reviews 8 (1): 244.
16. Neelakantan, Prasanna, Deeksha Grotra, and Subash Sharma. 2013. “Retreatability of 2 Mineral Trioxide Aggregate-Based Root Canal
Sealers: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Analysis.” Journal of Endodontia 39 (7): 893–96.
17. Paramasivam, Arumugam, Jayaseelan Vijayashree Priyadharsini, Subramanian Raghunandhakumar, and Perumal Elumalai. 2020. “A Novel COVID19 and Its Effects on Cardiovascular Disease.” Hypertension Research: Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension.
18. Sheriff, K. Ahmed Hilal, K. Ahmed Hilal Sheriff, and Archana Santhanam. 2018. “Knowledge and Awareness towards Oral Biopsy among Students of Saveetha Dental College.” Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360x.2018.00101.4.
19. Ponnulakshmi R, Shyamaladevi B, Vijayalakshmi P, Selvaraj J. In silico and in vivo analysis to identify the antidiabetic activity of beta sitosterol in adipose tissue of high fat diet and sucrose induced type-2 diabetic experimental rats. Toxicol Mech Methods. 2019 May;29(4):276–90.
20. Sundaram R, Nandhakumar E, Haseena Banu H. Hesperidin, a citrus flavonoid ameliorates hyperglycemia by regulating key enzymes of
carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats. Toxicol Mech Methods. 2019 Nov;29(9):644–53.
21. Alsawalha M, Rao CV, Al-Subaie AM, Haque SKM, Veeraraghavan VP, Surapaneni KM. Novel mathematical modelling of Saudi Arabian natural diatomite clay. Mater Res Express. 2019 Sep 4;6(10):105531.
22. Yu J, Li M, Zhan D, Shi C, Fang L, Ban C, et al. Inhibitory effects of triterpenoid betulin on inflammatory mediators inducible nitric oxide
synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in 1, 2-dimethylhydrazineinduced rat colon carcinogenesis. Pharmacogn Mag. 2020;16(72):836.
23. Shree KH, Hema Shree K, Ramani P, Herald Sherlin, Sukumaran G, Jeyaraj G, et al. Saliva as a Diagnostic Tool in Oral Squamous Cell
Carcinoma – a Systematic Review with Meta Analysis [Internet]. Vol. 25, Pathology & Oncology Research. 2019. p. 447–53. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12253-019-00588-2
24. Zafar A, Sherlin HJ, Jayaraj G, Ramani P, Don KR, Santhanam A. Diagnostic utility of touch imprint cytology for intraoperative assessment of
surgical margins and sentinel lymph nodes in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients using four different cytological stains. Diagn Cytopathol.
2020 Feb;48(2):101–10.
25. Karunagaran M, Murali P, Palaniappan V, Sivapathasundharam B. Expression and distribution pattern of podoplanin in oral
submucous fibrosis with varying degrees of dysplasia – an immunohistochemical study [Internet]. Vol. 42, Journal of Histotechnology.
2019. p. 80–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01478885.2019.1594543
26. Sarode SC, Gondivkar S, Gadbail A, Sarode GS, Yuwanati M. Oral submucous fibrosis and heterogeneity in outcome measures: a critical viewpoint. Future Oncol. 2021 Jun;17(17):2123–6.
27. Raj Preeth D, Saravanan S, Shairam M, Selvakumar N, Selestin Raja I, Dhanasekaran A, et al. Bioactive Zinc(II) complex incorporated
PCL/gelatin electrospun nanofiber enhanced bone tissue regeneration. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2021 May 1;160:105768.
28. Prithiviraj N, Yang GE, Thangavelu L, Yan J. Anticancer Compounds From Starfish Regenerating Tissues and Their Antioxidant
Properties on Human Oral Epidermoid Carcinoma KB Cells. In: PANCREAS. LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS TWO COMMERCE SQ, 2001 MARKET ST, PHILADELPHIA …; 2020. p. 155–6.
29. Wical KE, Swoope CC. Studies of residual ridge resorption. Part I. Use of panoramic radiographs for evaluation and classification of mandibular resorption. J Prosthet Dent. 1974 Jul 1;32(1):7–12.
30. Malik M, Laller S, Saini RS, Mishra RK, Hora I, Dahiya N. Mental foramen: An Indicator for Gender Determination-A Radiographic Study. Santosh Univ J Health Sci. 2016;2:12–4.
31. Chandra A, Singh A, Badni M, Jaiswal R, Agnihotri A. Determination of sex by radiographic analysis of mental foramen in North
Indian population. J Forensic Dent Sci. 2013 Jan;5(1):52–5.
32. Vodanović M, Dumančić J, Demo Ž, Mihelić D. Determination of sex by discriminant function analysis of mandibles from two Croatian archaeological sites. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2006 Sep 1;40(3):263–77.
